Nephrology is a field of medicine which is concerned with the evaluation of kidney function, diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, and preservation of kidney health. The kidneys can be affected by a host of pathological conditions such as kidney diseases and systemic conditions. Kidney diseases can also cause various systemic diseases, like renal osteodystrophy and hypertension. Kidney diseases include chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, and pyelonephritis. The chemical and microscopic analysis of the urine, kidney biopsy and CT scan, and measurement of kidney function through serum creatinine tests are common techniques of diagnosing kidney diseases. Kidney transplantation or dialysis may be required to treat kidney failure, while in cases of renal carcinoma, nephrectomy may be performed. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of nephrology are examined in detail in this book. Its objective is to give a general view of the different types of kidney diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field.