Addiction continues to affect a large portion of society but we still only have a modest understanding of how and why addiction treatment works. This book uses an innovative translational approach to weave together basic biological mechanisms with human behaviour in order to provide a critical insight into why people do (and do not) change in the context of treatment. With sections focusing on both adults and adolescents, this book bridges the gap between experimental scientists and clinical practitioners to guide how to provide treatment outcomes for those most at need.