Too often economics disassociates humans from nature, and the economy from the biosphere that contains it. When economists do engage with environmental issues, they typically reduce their analysis to a science of efficiency that leaves aside distributional analysis and justice issues. The aim of this lucid textbook is to provide a framework that prioritises understanding and improving human well-being within the limits of the biosphere, and rethinking economic analysis and policy in the light not just of efficiency but equity. Leading economist Eloi Laurent systematically ties together sustainability and justice issues in order to cover a wide range of topics, from biodiversity and ecosystems, energy and climate change, environmental health and environmental justice to new indicators of well-being and sustainability beyond GDP and growth, social-ecological transition and sustainable urban systems. This book both equips readers with ideas and tools from various disciplines alongside economics such as history, political science and philosophy, and invites them to apply those insights in order to understand and eventually tackle pressing 21st century challenges. It will be an invaluable resource for students of environmental economics.