the basic motivation underlying this book is the relationship between political processes and macroeconomic consequences, especially in the area of monetary policy. monetary policy is an area where political considerations regularly impact upon economic results. in the politically and economically turbulent period from the late 1960s through the early 1980s, it became clear that the directions taken by monetary policy were changing with some frequency. by the late 1970s it became obvious that monetary policys reactions to the state of the economy shifted in a rather irregular pattern. moreover, it was equally apparent that since 1970 many of the impulses for these shifts appeared to come from the executive branch of government. in the mid 1980s evidence demonstrated realistically how monetary policy is related to political phenomena. the author has spent the last thirty years investigating and measuring the political and private sector pressures on monetary policy and showing how the monetary authority assimilates and responds to these pressures. this book is the first and most comprehensive study of outside, political and private, influences on federal reserve policy.