This Special Issue of Bioengineering explores topics in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology ranging from preclinical modeling to translational research and neurocognitive outcomes. The topics are as below. Radiotherapy advances in pediatric brain tumors; Neurofibromatosis 1 and brain tumors in children; Molecular biology of pediatric gliomas and therapeutic insights; Embryonal tumors of the central nervous system in children-era of targeted therapeutics; Preclinical models in pediatric brain tumors--clinical relevance; Molecular neuroimaging of brain tumors; Palliative care for children with central nervous system malignancies; Neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes following pediatric brain tumors.