Reseña del libro "Business Opportunities in Bermuda (en Inglés)"
English-speaking Bermuda is a 21-squre-mile island isolated in the Atlantic Ocean, 700 miles away from its nearest neighbor, the United States. Proximity makes the U.S. Bermuda's primary trading partner. With no natural resources other than its appeal as an offshore business center and a vacation destination, Bermuda imports most everything; 68% ($601.4 million) of the island's imports derived from the U.S. in 2012, the latest date for which statistics are available. In addition, Bermuda's tourism industry relies on U.S. visitors - more than 472,000 or about 81% of all cruise and air passengers in 2013. An estimated 8,000 U.S. citizens also live in Bermuda. Bermuda's economy relies on foreign direct investment (FDI), primarily international business (IB) - insurance and reinsurance. Tourism also brings in foreign exchange, but to a much lesser degree. IB is Bermuda's economic foundation, contributing directly and indirectly about 70% of total GDP in 2012, compared to tourism's direct and indirect contribution of 11.7%. Bermuda's economy is in its sixth consecutive year of recession. In 2012, GDP was USD 5.5 billion, down 4.9% from 2011. The GOB expects overall GDP in 2013 to have contracted by another 2-2.5%. The National Economic Report 2013 projected that Bermuda's GDP will decline slightly in the region of 1.5 -0.0% in 2013. In March 2013, the GOB passed emergency legislation raising the debt ceiling from USD 1.45 billion to 2.5 billion and in July 2013 raised USD 750 million in a bond issue to cover operating deficits for the next three years. In December 2013 it launched another bond issue in Bermuda dollars in the amount of USD 50 million. U.S. ratings agencies are cautious about Bermuda. In May 2014, Moody's Investors Service downgraded Bermuda's rating from Aa3-negative to A1-stable, citing the "ongoing deterioration of Bermuda's key fiscal metrics" and the "persistent economic recession." Moody expects output to grow in 2014 but believes any recovery to be fragile. Also in May, Fitch Ratings downgraded Bermuda's long-term foreign and local currency Issuer Default Ratings [IDRs] from AA- to A+, the issue ratings on its senior unsecured foreign and local currency bonds from AA- to A+, its Country Ceiling from AA+ to AA, and its short-term foreign currency IDR from F1+to F. Fitch noted "improved business confidence" and believes that the economy "could be stabilizing" but expects "gross public debt to continue rising and reach 43.3 percent of GDP by 2016." In April 2014, Standard and Poor affirmed Bermuda's AA- credit rating with a negative outlook.
